First-person Narrative and Destroying Avalon

Tuesday, 5 March 2013 Themes in Destroying Avalon 1. Define the term ‘theme. ’ * Underlying message portrayed/explored by the composer in any body of work. * Composer’s intended message. Theme| Elaboration| Evidence (technique)| Explanation| Link to social issue| The negative influence of social hierarchy | Unequal distribution of power determines status, whether it be in a group or society. (Pg 48)â€Å"Alice and the bitches rule the school †¦ [A group]†¦ B group †¦ relatively friendly bunch†¦ considered cool†¦ C groups †¦ freaks and retards †¦[Z group] â€Å"weirdos and queeros† (pg 40)- Accumulation (listing)-Connotations | In the novel Destroying Avalon, McCaffrey positions Westerley High as a microcosm for greater social inequality within society.This is clearly evident in the opening sequence of the novel when Marshall, through accumulation of groups and sub groups poignantly outlines the existing social hierarchy à ¢â‚¬Å"Alice and the bitches rule the school †¦ [A group]†¦ B group †¦ relatively friendly bunch†¦ considered cool†¦ C groups †¦ freaks and retards †¦[Z group] â€Å"weirdos and queeros. † Here, McCaffrey’s careful use of diction highlights how language stigmatizes individuals. A key example is the connotations of the word â€Å"queeros† which affects both Marshall and Tamara, though Marshall more drastically, who eventually falls into depression followed by suicide. Youth depression Bullying| Isolation and alienation | Those who are viewed as different by their peers are ostracised and excluded from their social groups. | (pg 53)â€Å"Well our team is really good. And Alice is the captain, so if you know what’s good for you, you might want to leave now. †-threatening tone(pg 45)A: â€Å"What position do you play? † †¦ Av: â€Å"Anywhere †¦ goal attack †¦ shooter, centre, whatever† â₠¬ ¦ A: â€Å"you can be the wing defence† †¦ Av: â€Å"I might as well have sat on the bench†¦ no one passed me the ball†-dialogue/direct speech-Tone-Connotation(pg 44)â€Å"It really worried me I wasn’t sure what reason anyone would have not to like me.I hadn’t done anything wrong- though it felt everything I did was wrong. Why don’t they like me? †Use of first-person| The novel demonstrates the isolation and alienation of several characters. Many people are ostracised by their peers and usually this leads to sever depression. McCaffrey uses this isolation of the protagonist, Avalon to give a first person point of view on what really happens to someone when they are alienated from a group or bullied by others. â€Å"It really worried me I wasn’t sure what reason anyone would have not to like me.I hadn’t done anything wrong- though it felt everything I did was wrong. Why don’t they like me? † The continu ous use of the first person language is to make the responder realise the different thoughts that the character is going through and how the issue of depression begins to kick in. The tone of the antagonists really highlights the way they incessantly condemn and undermine others. During their hockey tryouts the threatening tone of Courtney is shown when she tells Avalon that â€Å"our team is really good, and Alice is captain, so if you know what's good for you, you might want to leave now. The use of â€Å"if you know what's good for you† in reality is telling her that she is positioned under Alice and the bitches in terms of a hierarchical system. It then goes on to say â€Å"you might want to leave now† indicating that no matter how hard she tries to fit in Avalon will always be harassed and discriminated against. This build up of thoughts, anger and depression is a toxic mix as we see eventually Avalon snaps and she loses Marshall who is one of her most dearest fr iends to suicide. Discrimination Bullying Harassment | The misuse of technology Importance of friends and family| Technology is used for malevolent and devious acts that have fatal consequences. The influence of family and friends can often provide people with helpful information. | (117)†If only I had done more†Marshall's mother â€Å"But he did find comfort in his friend's†| The use of technology hinders the reality of many characters in the novel. McCaffrey demonstrates how the internet is a place that can change a person's real personalities into a disturbing contradiction.Throughout the novel the victims who suffer from bullying constantly are to be comforted by friends, who play an integral part in their fight against bullying. Once the loss of Marshall became evident his mother depressingly said â€Å"if only I had done more† not only did Marshall's mother know about what was going on, she did not what do inflict damage on Marshall by telling teacher s. Later at Marshall's funeral we learn the importance and comfort friends give to him † but he found comfort in his friends† shows how important his friends were during his time of despair. | |

Developmental Competencies And Challenges For Late Adulthood

IntroductionLate adulthood is the term describing the period in an individual’s life beginning at ages sixty or seventy and ending in death. This life period is one of continuing change and adjustment in physical and psychological realms.Major concepts and distinctive features of various social rolesSocializationThe family is the first social institution for the children. They are taught how to fit into the community and the various social institutions. The children learn the society’s social values and culture. This in the long run helps in creating a cultural identity for the children (Russell, 2004).EducationChildren start their education the moment they are born. This includes both formal and informal. They are taught basic survival skills such as speech, interaction and hygiene. They later proceed to formal schools where they expand their knowledge on a wide variety of areas which later ends up in career specialization.DisciplineThe child is taught respect, and per forming of household chores. This helps them to grow into mature and responsible adults. Discipline should be taught with compassion, reason and patience without argument, yelling and spanking. The parents should learn to respect the children’s growing independence in order to build self esteem.ProtectionThe family offers protection and security to the children. They should be made to feel safe both within the home and without. They should be protected from any form of physical or psychological abuse.ClothingClothing is one of the basic needs that the family provides alongside food and shelter. Children should be provided with adequate and the right clothing depending on the environment.Nutrition and food securityIt is the responsibility of the family to provide nutritional requirements for the children. They should always ensure that the meals are balanced and meet the various needs of the children.ShelterThe family provides a warm and secure place for the children’s development. It should protect the children from any harsh environmental conditions that may affect their development.Emotional stabilityThe family should satisfy the child’s emotional needs thus enhancing their emotional stability. The parents and children should become friends. The parents should create an atmosphere where the children can confide in them.HealthThe family should ensure the children are healthy through proper nutrition and medication.Contribution and influence of social roles and how they influence individuals and families in the situationIn our case study, the social roles above are not adequately met due to various inadequacies on the part of the grandparents.The grandchildren’s socialization needs were not fully met. The grandparents generally had little interest in developing the children into a whole person. There was distance between them mainly due to the generation gap.There grandchildren’s education was also inhibited. This is because the grandparents did not value formal education so much since they did not have any of it themselves. They had limited resources since they are not working. They were therefore unable to give their grandchildren good quality education.The grandparents were found to be lax in terms of instilling discipline in their grandchildren. They did not have the necessary energy to follow up on their grandchildren’s activities.The grandparents were frail and sickly and could not offer enough protection to their grandchildren. There were various cases of attacks on their homestead.Clothing is one of the basic needs that the family provides alongside food and shelter. This was mainly due to financial constraints since the grandparents weFood and nutrition needs of the grandchildren were not adequately taken care of due to limited resources of the grandchildren. They were also not very keen to ensure a balanced diet.The grandchildren’s medical needs were not given to their due seriou sness since the grandparents had to take care of their own.The large age difference made it hard for the grandchildren and the grandparents to form a bond necessary in a normal family setting. The grandchildren could therefore not confide in their grandparents and share their emotional needs (Gilbert and Kristin, 2005)ReferencesRussell, R. (2004). Social Networks Among Elderly Men Caregivers; Journal of Men’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studies 13(1): 121Gilbert, R. & Kristin C. (2005): When Strength Can’t Last a Lifetime: Vocational Challenges of Male Workers in Early and Middle Adulthood. Men and Masculinities, 7(4), April, pp. 424-433.Spector-Mersel, G. (2006). Never-aging Stories: Western Hegemonic Masculinity Scripts. Journal of Gender Studies, Volume 15, Number 1, March, pp. 67-82.

A repudiatory breach of contract

A repudiatory breach of contract Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A repudiatory breach of contract Usually if the employee resigns, the contract terminates and the employee will have no claim against the employer for wrongful dismissal. However, employee’s resignation may result in wrongful dismissal claim if the resignation is a result of the employer’s repudiatory breach of the contract. Under section 95(1)(c) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 the employee is entitled to resign, without giving notice, and can make a claim of wrongful dismissal for the losses he suffered as a result of the early termination of the contract. In order for a claim to succeed, the employee must show that the employer breached either an express or implied contractual term. Furthermore, the employee needs to show that his resignation is a response to the breach, and that such breach was adequately serious to justify the resignation. The employee will also need to show that he had not confirmed the contract following the breach by returning to work. When d etermining the seriousness of the breach, the courts and tribunals will consider the express and implied contractual terms that were breached. The implied duty of trust and confidence is considered an important duty owed to employees by their employers. This duty states that the employer owes duty of support in the event that an employee is subjected by other employees to any form of abuse. It requires an employer to investigate the complaint and to take appropriate action. This was considered in Bracebridge Engineering Ltd v Darby [1990] IRLR 3 where it was held that by failing to provide adequate support and follow appropriate grievance procedure, the employer had breached the implied duty of trust and confidence. In Western Excavating (ECC) Ltd v Sharp [1978] QB 761, the Court of Appeal attempted to define unreasonable conduct and found that the employer must act sensibly in the treatment of his employees. If the employer behaves or conducts his affairs so unreasonably that the e mployee cannot be expected to work in such environment any longer, the employee is justified in leaving. This definition of unreasonable conduct was criticised by Lord Denning, who stated that a certain degree of a particular behaviour may be considered to be in line with the employer’s business. The interpretation is nowadays very wide, however the principle set out in Western Excavating case remains a valid principle in establishing unreasonable conduct. To breach the term of trust and confidence, employer must have been acting in a way that is likely to destroy or seriously damage trust and confidence which must exist between the employer and employee. In Morrow v Safeway Stores plc [2002] IRLR 9, the employee was publicly reprimanded and generally had a bad working relationship with the manager of the store. The Employment Tribunal held that although the public reprimand was a breach of the implied term of trust and confidence, it was not serious enough to entitle the emp loyee to resign and claim unfair dismissal. The Employment Appeal Tribunal overturned this decision and emphasised that the breach of implied term of trust and confidence, if committed, is a fundamental breach stemming from the contract itself, and as such will entitle the employee to resign.

Persuasive writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive writing - Assignment Example Frank Daley, who is one of Ruth’s immediate superiors, Ruth’s workload has significantly increased. In addition to the fact, that Ruth only has a part time worker to support her. This situation has negatively affected Ruth’s efficiency and productivity as well as her overtime schedule causing the company additional expenses for her overtime pay. Jack on the other hand, has significantly reduced work due to the absence of Ms. Jessica Hilo. Jack having his full time assistant has had less workload resulting in his current lax attitude about his tasks. Given the circumstance, the imbalanced distribution of work should be addressed. The best solution would be to delegate the same workload and workers to the two offices. This can be done by switching the assistants to each office. Since Jack has lessened workload, the need for a full time assistant is unnecessary. Conversely, Ruth who has taken more responsibilities needs more help and a full time assistant shall bene fit her efficiency and work quality without causing additional expenses for the company. I also believe that this shall make the two employees and their supervisors contented because there would be minimal adjustment in terms of organization. The company even saves money and ensures the productivity of all their employees.

Primary and Secondary keywords Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Primary and Secondary keywords - Assignment Example Keywords can be differentiated into two major types according to their importance in a webpage or website. They are Primary keyword and secondary keywords. For well optimization, a good combination of primary and secondary keyword is vital. Google provide us ‘Google Trends’ which is a web based activity. It helps us to find how many times a word has been searched in Google from all over the word approximately. It represents in the form of a graph where the horizontal axis gives time and vertical axis depicts how many times the item is searched. Butters, K. (2013).  What are Primary and Secondary Keywords? [online] Yorkshireseoconsultancy.co.uk. Available at: http://www.yorkshireseoconsultancy.co.uk/what-are-primary-and-secondary-keywords [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Google, (2014).  Google Trends - Web Search interest: digital marketing - Worldwide, 2004 - present. [online] Google.com. Available at: http://www.google.com/trends/explore?q=Digital+marketing#q=Digital%20marketing&cmpt=q [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Hibu, (2013).  What are keywords and why are they important for SEO? [online] Business.hibu.co.uk. Available at: http://business.hibu.co.uk/knowledge/articles/2011/sept/what-are-keywords-and-why-are-they-important-for-seo/ [Accessed 8 Aug.

Buckingham palace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buckingham palace - Essay Example Later on, when it became the Queen’s House, thousands of people worked accumulatively over time on what it is today. Brickwork was the main method used to built most of the faà §ade of the palace. This grand architectural masterpiece is mainly built with red bricks with stone details. Some of the facades of the palace are made out of different kinds of limestones. Most of the interior design of the residence uses lapis and scagliola, but has since been partly redesigned with a gold color scheme. Today, it has a total of more than seven hundred rooms, twenty state rooms, fifty royal and guest bedrooms, two-hundred staff bedrooms, ninety offices and about eighty restrooms. All in all, there’s a total of approximately a thousand rooms and it was in 1883 when electricity was first put there, with over 40,000 lightbulbs and installations. Represeting a great deal of baroque style and design, it firmly stands today as a true architectural

Waging Nonviolent Struggle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waging Nonviolent Struggle - Essay Example initial protest rally of more than a thousand people before the building of which housed the communist party’s core committee(Sharp, Gene, &Paulson 103). Then this Latvians presented a solid resistance on the conscription by pretending to not speak Russian and by removing or even replacing avenue signs, signposts, house numbers, as well as place name tablets to be able to confuse the army. This generated a move by the Latvian Supreme court on June 20, 1991 to create nonviolent safeguard center to arrange nonviolent resistance so that you can protect Latvia next to a rumored attack from Moscow, the nonviolent mobility encouraged people to set up small centers of amount of resistance in each of their cities (Sharp, Gene, &Paulson 103). With everyone happy to resist employing nonviolence, the pressure on the Baltic Says and in Moscow. In a planned nonviolent strategy, laying the actual groundwork is fundamentally important. Working upon laying groundwork for nonviolent movements is determined by defining ambitions and aims, choosing tactic and practices, making mishap plans in addition to training. The withdrawal of consent, cooperation in addition to submission can challenge the system as this affects the actual opponent’s options for power. How critically the flashbacks does so will vary with the products the types of the action, the amounts of the activists, and their persistent in the face of repression (Sharp, Gene, &Paulson 103). To balance out repression entails using different degrees of pressure for example, control of communication and information, internal pressure, and confiscation in addition to exceptional

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Managerial Economics - Essay Example There are several factors that contribute to the pricing of houses in a free market. The Basic Principle of demand and supply This basic principle of demand and supply would chiefly govern the housing market, i.e. when the demand for housing increases the prices will tend to go up in order to reach equilibrium at the present level of supply. This is a typical example of demand and supply. The equilibrium is determined when the price at which the buyer would like to make purchase coincides with the price at which the seller would like to make the trade. Now the value of the housing properties is determined by both the supply side and the demand side factors which include the price at which the seller would like to go for the transaction with a prospective buyer and the actual price which the buyer would like to pay (Ngai and Tenreyro, 2009, p.7). Now when the demand for residence in a particular locality is high then the dearth of supply would cause the market power to shift from the buyers to the sellers and hence prices would be determined by the seller. Thus, when there is excess demand in the housing market the sellers may hoard the residential unit in order to create a price differential and make more profits. On the other hand when the demand for housing is low the sellers might compromise on the prices and it would be a buyer’s market where the buyer would have a lot of control over the settlement of the prices. The demand for housing at a particular area may increase due to demographic reasons as well. Suppose a new industry is set up in a place where previously there was no human establishment, then labour migration will take place in that particular area and those people would need residential investments. Again as the number of divorces is increasing people these days need more residential units separately and hence the demand for housing increases. In the above figure we see that the initial demand for housing in a particular area id D1 and th e initial supply is S1. The vertical axis would represent the prices of the housing units and the horizontal axis would represent the quantity of houses traded in the market of that particular area. The initial equilibrium price and quantity is at P1 and Q1 respectively. Now due to population inflow, the demand for housing units increases to D2. The supply remaining constant at S1, the new equilibrium would be at the point P2Q2. A point to be noted in this context is that due to an increase in demand the quantity supplied is increasing but at the lesser rate than that of the prices, i.e., P1P2 would be greater than Q1Q2. It should be noted that the supply here is relatively inelastic. The reason behind this is that there is a lag in time in between the price change and the augmentation of supply in housing in that area. When the supply of housing becomes more elastic as in the above figure, the supply curve would move in the rightward direction indicated by the arrow. The new supply curve will be S2. Now if we assume that the demand is unchanged then the prices would tend to go down to P3 which is a price that is higher than P1 but lower than P2. On the other, the equilibrium quantity would further move upwards to Q3 which is higher than both Q1 and Q2.  

Teachers connecting to todays Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teachers connecting to todays Learners - Essay Example Also, pattern recognition substitutes psychological processing functions in multifaceted milieu. 2) Currency is the intent of all connectivist learning activities because it is in our observation that the technological and education industries are continuously undergoing changes and advancements. Connectivism emphasizes upon the fact that learners have to remain up-to-date with all the changes occurring in their learning environment and must ensure that the knowledge they are acquiring and using is current so that all modern learning needs are satisfied (Rowley & Hartley, 2008, p.16). This is important if learners want to excel in their respective fields. 3) Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources because in today’s modern world, it is important for the learners to make connections between specialized technological sources or nodes if they want to perform the complex tasks effectively. This enables them to make a collection of contradictory knowledge fields and perceptions which enhances their learning process. Such an aggregation of knowledge enables them to build better opinions and judgments, which makes them better individuals in the long run (Anderson, 2008,

Week-7 Technology in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week-7 Technology in the Workplace - Essay Example It also has the capability of providing annotations of the evidence produced, for use by the jury, the trial judge/ magistrate, and the various counsels present. This is the main technology in use at the court rooms (Rowland, Uta and Andrew, 32). Within the offices, employees of the organization use Microsoft software’s to process the needed information. The soft wares in use are the Microsoft word, and this is in use mostly by clerks. Ms. Power Point is used by the managerial staff when they make presentations during seminars, and conferences. By looking at these technological applications in my organization, I can conclude that it is ahead of other institutions of justice in the use of technology. Though most of these organizations use Microsoft software’s, they are yet to develop the mobile evidence presentation system that has the capability of easing the manner in which evidence is produced at the court room. The court house has managed to train its employees on how to handle the technological inventions it uses. During orientations, new employees obtain guidelines on the functionalities of the various technological gadgets in use. Due to this orientation, I gained the knowledge and capability of using these gadgets, and therefore technology does not affect my performance. However, there are numerous ways that technology can hinder progress at the work place. They are (Rowland, Uta and Andrew, 21); 1. In ability to weigh between the opportunities, and the risks that the technology in use brings about. For instance, use of technological know-how such as power point presentations, requires adequate preparations, identification of main files, and thereafter loaded into the presentation software. This activity takes a lot of time, and this can be a factor in hindering the application of a technological know-how, in a court house. 2. There is also the problem of information overload. For instance, in using

Summary of Inturnship Experience Essay Example for Free

Summary of Inturnship Experience Essay There are many approaches, strategies, techniques, methods, or styles floating in the internship atmosphere but there is no such thing as perfect approach, perfect strategy, perfect method, perfect technique, or perfect style because at the end of the day it is all about how the intern delivers his skills and how they cater pressure. In my 31 days of internship I have learned that everything should start on a plan, I started with the visualization on how I will make my task easier yet efficient without jeopardizing the quality of service our Hotel renders. In my experience while I am doing my plan, I was so puzzled with what I should do first, my mentor made me realize that the guest’s needs must come first because they are the most important factor in the hotel and restaurant management. I was able to gain experience at a job that I potentially had interest in. I learned about the hospitality field and if it was right for me. Along with the work experience, I also had to write an essay about my experience and keep a daily log. This experience helped shaped who I am now at the end of my college career as I feel more comfortable with working with people in different settings. For my internship experience I worked at Casablanca Hotel and Condominium in Freeport Subic. It was a long couple weeks before I finally found the right hotel to perform my internship at. The mangers and other employees at Casablanca were welcoming and helpful while I worked with them. I learned all major front desk duties of working at a hotel as well as other various aspects such as walking around the hotel and making sure everything was running smoothly. I never realized how everything done in a hotel actually goes through the front desk and because of this I was always busy doing something to help improve the hotel into a better experience for future guests. I thoroughly enjoyed my experience helping guests make reservations, check in, and check out of the hotel. My job was to be welcoming and helpful toward each guest in any way possible. During my 31 days I was able to gain practical experience under professional supervision while implementing classroom experiences and theories that i have acquire during my early years in college. I also develop the ability to work with people, both individually and as part of a group while comparing our theories and concepts learned in the classroom and related real life experiences. I also tested my own personal skills and competencies to be able to become familiar with routine procedures and responsibilities of the agency. I seek for experience opportunities to learn, observe, and practice a variety of administrative experiences for me to evaluate myself in relation to the field, and in relation to my professional preparation in addition to this I have establish realistic goals for professional growth and development moreover establish career goals and objectives upon conclusion of the Internship experience. This experience will help me finish my degree in many aspects by working at the hotel I learned the major keys in running a hotel. I also worked with many guests and customers and in doing so I was able to work on my communication skills. Being a business major and wanting to get into sales or other customer service jobs after I graduate I know I am going to need great communication skills as I will be interacting with people whether in meetings or helping out guests. After my internship was over I feel more relaxed in interacting with others and feel more ready to finish my degree and more engaged to working in the business world.

Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized Essay Example for Free

Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized Essay Half of Americans say that homosexuality is something that can be changed or a choice, while the other half say that homosexuality is not a choice but something that they are born with and cannot change. So what is homosexuality, exactly? It is the attraction or behaviors, sexual or otherwise, between members of the same sex or gender (Random House, Inc. 2013). The question at hand is should the parties in these types of relationships be allowed to marry and carry the same rights as that of a heterosexual couple? This is something that has been discussed and debated between many groups for a long time and still continues to be so. The answer is simple. Marriage should be the right of the individual, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. This country is founded on exactly this point. The Constitution of the United States of America says everyone should have equal rights. Freedom to marry is no different than freedom of religion. If an individual can choose who to worship and believe in, then that individual should be able to choose who to love and spend their life with. In 1974, the Supreme Court ruled that in the case of Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life is one of the liberties protected by the Due Process Clause (ProCon.org 2013)†. Not legalizing same sex marriage only leads people to believe that it is acceptable to discriminate against those who lead this life style. Because of this, laws regarding same sex marriage need to evolve with the times. When laws were created against same sex marriage, it was also not accepted to marry interracially. Since this time these laws have been revised and have allowed for many happy, healthy homes. This goes to show that if laws are not changed to fit the times, the country can never grow. This growth can provide great opportunities in many different ways. Same Sex Marriage is also beneficial to both the same sex partners and the Government. Federal benefits would be available to a legally married same sex couple. These benefits would include, Social Security Benefits, Tax Benefits, as well Veterans and Military Benefits. For the same sex couple, this would mean a better quality of life and more security later in life. They would also qualify for Federal Employment Benefits and Immigration. Many people feel that a same sex couple should not have these rights because they believe it will cost the government more money and damage the economy further. However, these benefits would allow the same sex couple to provide a more stable life for their families. As for the government is concerned, the legally married same sex couple would also be liable for the same Federal fees and expenses as a â€Å"traditional† married couple. They would have to file and pay for marriage licenses. In addition, the legally married couple would be required to file as married on their Federal Taxes. Both of these things can potential boost the economy. Therefore, the government would actually benefit from the legalization as opposed to being damaged. The Comptroller for New York City found that over a period of three years, just legalizing gay marriage would bring approximately $142 million to the city’s economy and approximately $184 million to the state’s economy (William C. Thompson, Jr., Love Counts: The Economic Benefits of Marriage Equality for New York 2007). These benefits have already been implemented in many parts of the world and have proven to be beneficial to both parties. There are currently eighteen nations that have implemented laws for same sex marriage to be allowed, in either the entire area or at least certain jurisdictions. These countries include Argentina (2010), Denmark (2012), The Netherlands (2000), South Africa (2006), Belgium (2003), England/Wales (2013), New Zealand (2013), Spain (2005), Brazil (2013), France (2013), Norway (2009), Sweden (2009), Canada (2005), Iceland (2010), Portugal (2010), Uruguay (2013), Mexico (2009), and The United States (2003) (Senior Researcher David Masci, Research Analyst Elizabeth Sciupac and Assistant Editor Michael Lipka 2013). Of these eighteen nations the only two restricted to certain jurisdictions The United States and Mexico. In The United States same sex has been legalized in thirteen states. These include Massachusetts (May 17, 2004), Connecticut (Nov. 12, 2008), Iowa (Apr. 24. 2009), Vermont (Sep. 1, 2009), New Hampshire (Jan. 1, 2010), New York (June 24, 2011), Washington (Dec. 9, 2012), Maine (Dec. 29, 2012), Maryland (Jan. 1, 2013), California (June 28, 2013), Delaware (July 1, 2013), Rhode Island (Aug. 1, 2013), and Minnesota (Aug. 1, 2013) (Christian Broadcasting Network, Americans Question Who Makes a Family, 2010). In 2008, Massachusetts, the first state in the country to legalize same sex marriage, had the lowest divorce rate in the country. This has been the case with many other states as well, showing that gay marriage bans correspond with higher divorce rates (Nate Silver, Divorce Rates Higher in States with Gay Marriage Bans, 2010). It has been shown that lower divorce rates provide for more stable homes. More stable living environments can provide a plethora of opportunities to people that not have otherwise been given them. Among these opportunities lies the known fact that a same sex couple who is legally married would have an easier time adopting a child(ren) than a non-married couple. The reason for this is because, the adoption process is believed to be easier when there is a loving two parent household. It has been shown that when considering adoption, a married couple will be much more likely to be approved than an individual because it is more likely that they would be able to best provide for the child and give them the necessary attention. Single parents are very unlikely to be allowed to adopt unless they have extensive means of support. Many people believe that a child should not be raised in a home with parents of the same sex because it would not be healthy for the child’s growth and development. However, it has been shown that children raised in same sex homes have been proven to thrive just as well as those raised in heterosexual homes. In this country alone there are 100,000 children waiting for adoption (James G. Pawelski 2006). More stable homes would provide to create more productive members of society. Studies conducted in 2010 concluded that children raised by two mothers scored higher than those of heterosexual parents in multiple areas, including social and academic competence (Rachel H. Farr, Stephen L. Forsell, and Charlotte J. Patterson, Parenting and Child Development in Adoptive Families: Does Parental Sexual Orientation Matter?, Applied Developmental Science 2010). In addition, these children were shown to have fewer social problems. Children of gay fathers in this study were to be just as well-adjusted as those adopted by heterosexual parents† (Rachel H. Farr, Stephen L. Forsell, and Charlotte J. Patterson, Parenting and Child Development in Adoptive Families: Does Parental Sexual Orientation Matter?, Applied Developmental Science 2010). Allowing more adoptions would also cut down on the need to place unwanted and abused children into the Foster System. In doing this, not only does the same sex married couple get the pleasure of becoming parents, and the children get the chance of a happy normal life, but the government will again benefit by no longer needing to provide the support for these children, as well as providing more foster homes for those children with the possibility of reunification with their families, which there is a great shortage of. All of this information shows that whether or not sexual orientation is a choice or something that one is simply born with is really irrelevant. The fact still remains that everyone should have equal rights, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. It is unconstitutional to deny these rights to anyone based on these discriminating factors, as the Constitution is supportive of equality for all. In the past similar discrimination was imposed upon inter-racial marriages, which has since been altered. By changing those laws and providing balance between the races, the country has grown in ways that could only have been imagined. The same possibilities are true for the legalizations of same sex marriage. Unless something is given the chance, it will never be known what could possibly come from it, and it could quite possibly improve the overall quality of life. This is true not just for the parties directly affected, but for those around them as well. This has already been shown through the positive things that have come from the legalization of same sex marriage in many areas around the world. Regardless of the fears of many that legalizing same sex marriage could compromise the functions of society, in the areas where it is already legal, society is still functioning just as well if not better than before the legalization. References Pew research religion and public life project. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/search/gay+marriage/?site=pewforum Procon.org. (2013). Retrieved from http://gaymarriage.procon.org/ Waters, H. J. (2013). Proquest. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/1372302648?accountid=458 Cheiner, E. (2013). The gay and lesbian review. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/1322735038?accountid=458 Pearce, C. (2012). Gay marriage. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/1223795294?accountid=458

Spanish Cinema During Dictatorship Film Studies Essay

Spanish Cinema During Dictatorship Film Studies Essay Filmmakers living under whatever military dictatorship are basically deprived of any open criticism of the regime as all cultural activities, including cinema, are rigorously controlled by censors. In order to share their ideas and produce films they want, they have to resort to the indirect methods of expression such as parables, metaphors, allegories, symbols and allusions and apply them in cinema language. The elements metaphorised during Francos years in Spain formed the basic criteria of the censorship Faith, Fatherland and Family. Hence, family as a microcosm became a condensed and concealed reference to the state for such directors as Carlos Saura Fernando Palacios, Luis Garcà ­a Berlanga to cite only a few. The questions that this essay raises concern the family category and family relationship in Crà ­a Cuervosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/Raise Ravens [Carlos Saura, 1975]; code of the figurative language in Spanish national cinema of the Francos years, along with the script, filming an d editing styles that convey internal impulses and foreign influences of that epoch in terms of single family. RR was shot and released during the period marked by the collapsing of Francisco Francos dictatorship that lasted for thirty-five years. It is necessary to bear in mind that the last decade of his governing was characterised by economic growth, social modernisation, population mobility, tourist development caused by domestic and external conditions. But the legacy of his flowering regime that is particularly identified with hispanidad and National Catholicism, gender, political and trade oppression, military regime, strict censorship and dominance of patriarchal family values was still in the air (Ibid., 173-183). In order to raise an issue of the burden of such politics Carlos Saura exploits the tragic story of the family where three sisters have lost both parents and become in charge of a strict aunt. The plot of child-centred RR might be considered as a long flashback of adult Ana recalling her infancy twenty years later in 1995 (DLugo 1991, 132). Thereby, reading this film as retrospective suggests mediation on Anas morbid childhood, on complex issues of family relations and grieves, their interplay and impact on her personality. But on the metaphorical level, audience is invited to meditate on the state of affairs of actual Spain caused by the loss of Empire (1898), unfruitful Second Spanish Republic (1931-39) resulted with the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) that paved the way for the military regime of Franco (1939-75). The opening credits sequence of RR proves Sauras ingenious realistic editing style that results in a non-linear structure and peculiar editing. Indeed it starts with the camera slowly moving across the photographs of child Ana [Ana Torrent] in order to compress the narrative time illustrating moments of her childhood and identifying her as the potential first-person narrative of the film. Further the viewer discovers that the visible limit between fantasy and reality is absent and transition takes place only through camera movement while characters enter the shot directly (07 min 02). From the technical point of view, the flying sequence of child Ana (15 min 35) is remarkable because the transition is realised by means of zooming, changing angle from low to high and subjective camera: in this sequence Ana escapes from her prison-house and it can be interpreted as the rejection of the authority. The passage from present to future is ensured in particular through the dolly shot and the off-screen voice of adult Ana [Geraldine Chaplin] (17 min 55) or solely by means of her voice-over (66 min 35). However the memories from the past are reconstructed from the photographs that are frequently fixed in tight shots (19 min 55, 35 min 06). As a result, the panoply of techniques contributes to the alternative editing and narrative in RR. The use of natural lightning and contemporary realistic settings enhance the authenticity, though complex, of the Spanish society. The establishing shot introduces the location of the gloomy family house and the further mise-en-scà ¨ne articulates the films space concentrated in this roomy isolated house situated in the centre of Madrid that symbolises the impoverished bourgeoisie by the end of the Spanish Civil War. The mansion is surrounded by overgrown garden and boasts an empty and ruined swimming pool connoting the decay, emptiness and death with an allusion to the dead-end political situation of the regime. The entering of the outside world into the closed space via consumerism is expressed by comics (09 min 36), glossy magazines (29 min 23) and billboards. Even the international influence on economic and cultural transformation of Spanish society is visualised in the national flags of the USA (14 min 46, 28 min 20). The only sequence set outside the city takes place in the ho use of servicemen Nicolà ¡s Garate [Germà ¡n Cobos] where children play outdoors and the diegetic birds singing (72 min 27) contrasts to the diegetic sound of heavy traffic heard in their garden (14 min 48, 16 min 28, 101 min 58). The ambiguity of adult Ana and Anas mother Maria [both by Geraldine Chaplin] contributes to the time, space and identities shift in the film. While mixing up memories and fantasies of child Ana with the reality of adult Ana and joining time layers of past, present, future and unreal together, Saura creates a concentrated reality where all characters and epochs interact and enter the field. Child Ana, the ambiguous protagonist, becomes a main link between Maria and adult Ana. As means to emphasise the importance of Anas viewpoint in the film, Saura applies the close-up on her face (03 min 35, 25 min 21, 46 min 37, 62 min 47, 67 min 17 etc.), and camera is also often placed at the level of her eyes despite the sequences with adults participation (07 min 11, 21 min 43, 30 min 35, 57 min 26, 58 min 22 etc.). This can be interpreted as the innocence of childs viewpoint and an appeal to viewers to adopt it. The films title RR as a part of popular Spanish saying states for Raise ravens and they will peck out your eyes could become a allegorical moral that not only the children could return evil for evil to their parents, but the unsatisfied country is able to take revenge on its former ideological leaders. Child Ana remains a powerful metaphor for Spains future that is still indefinite and unsure to defeat the regime, but potentially strong as her viewpoint is distinctly lucid, penetrating and analysing (DLugo 1991, 134-135). Thus, through the silent shots, she unveils what adults as censors try to conceal: adulteries of her father [Hà ©ctor Alterio] as an antithesis of canonised marriage (05 min 28, 74 min 20); grieves and pains of her mother standing for agony and frustration with the Francos regime (46 min 10, 55 min 22); quarrel of her parents proving the dominating role of husband in the family (58 min 02); affair of her aunt [Mà ³nica Randall] (88 min 19) contrasting with her a uthoritarian manner (21 min 17). Ana seems to understand that spontaneous stories of housemaid Rosa [Florinda Chico] with her genuine speech (24 min 37, 74 min 33) are more sincere than the orders of her aunt. The kitchen, which is Rosas realm, is also accentuated by means of bright lightning and grows into Anas safest place in the whole house. All in all, Anas character invites the audience to participate in estimation of cause-and-effect relations of the precedent and current epochs, depicted in her parents, as well as their impact on her future. As for the Anas surroundings, her household is characterised by double absence of parents and feminine composition. Since in Francos time the patriarchal family structure prevailed and the man was supposed to be the head of such mà ©nage (Helen Graham 1995, 184), this role is successfully played by Aunt Paulina whose iron discipline substitutes maternal affection. As Ana has already disclosed the illusion of the paternal system when she found her father dead in the arms of his mistress [Mirta Miller] at the beginning of the film (05 min 28), she does not obey her aunts orders and refuses to kiss her dead father (13 min 27). The symbolic meaning of this act lies in disapproval of established Catholic and militarist models embodied in her aunt and the servicemen present at her fathers funeral. Anas further rebel against her aunts rigorous education up to attempt to shoot (88 min 41) and to poison her (91 min 09) in the climax could be interpreted as an appeal for emancipation of the n ew generation, the yearning to burst the bonds of patriarchal family and to uphold womens rights in the society (Helen Graham 1995, 329). Yet Ana re-plays this rebellion in the scene with a doll blaming her disobedience (66 min 09). Girls dynamism and thirst for action are opposed to her grandmothers [Josefina Dà ­az] immobility and passivity. Her paralysed and silent figure stands for the nostalgia for the glorious past of the Spanish Empire and is a true allusion to her powerlessness in Francos society. Her life was destroyed by wars and regimes; she remains merely a silent witness of the present epoch finding her comfort in photographs that accompanied by an old-fashioned song  ¡Hay, Maricruz! bring back her sweet memories. Moreover, Saura attributes an emblematic soundtrack to every women generation in the film. The opening credits start with the melancholic piano piece  Cancià ³n y Danzas N.6 by Federico Mompou; it is performed later by Anas mother with a symbolic reference to her abandoned career of concert pianist and her unfortunate marriage (Helen Graham 1995, 308). Finally, Jeanettes rhythmic tune Porque te vas (Because You are Leaving) is a pop song about the failed relationships but it also has a connotation of Anas revolt and vitality. Thus, the self-conscious role of diegetic music makes characters and their ideological values more vivid. Being an example for masculinities, Anas father Anselmo does not have any associated tune: he is a former military officer from the Blue Division devoted to his Fatherland, though unfaithful tyrannical husband and neglecting parent. Overflowed with authoritarianism, Anselmo stands for a purest metaphor for the Francos military regime with all its dreads, oppressions and gender inequalities. His dominating position is illustrated in one of the photographs from the opening credits where he rides a horse (01 min 13).The legacy of the Spanish Civil War subsists in the sequence when children put in order their fathers cabinet asking questions about his military role (87 min 00). His gifts (pistol, gun and colours) could signify the transmission of values of the dying regime, e.g. violence, brutal power and nationalism. Furthermore, Anselmos character reveals and completes the image of his passive wife Maria. Being the typical spouse of the Francoist society, she renounced her vocation so as to accept the upbringing of children (Helen Graham, 183-193). Indeed, she was not convinced of her success and this can suggest a hidden parallel to the dictatorship, when none of the artistic activities was beyond censors attention. Maria is also a vivid example of a victim recluse in the house dying in agony, as it was the destiny of the Second Spanish Republic that did not lived up to Spaniards expectations. Redefinition of gender roles of the parents takes place in the domestic play staged by the children where Ana and her elder sister Iren [Conchita Pà ©rez] act their parents (37 min 59). Performing the mise-en-abà ®me of their conflict, Ana metamorphoses her mothers character according to her rebel head that stands for a shift in the new generations mind. This scene appeals to the open-ending (102 min 06) when girls leave their family house for the school accompanied by the soundtrack Porque te vas foreshadowing Spains optimistic opening to the world. All in all, these examples do not pretend to be exhaustive but seem sufficient to evaluate Sauras creative authorial insight and his attempt of dramatising the historical background in terms of family life. So the childs trauma in the film refers to the disease of the nation under the infamous Francos dictatorship. The semiotic of Sauras film including the non-linear narrative, cinematographic blurring of the events due to the camera movement and its different angles; use of diegetic music and sounds, natural lightning as well as actors play, all this might have contributed to censors confusion and they allowed its release without any cut, moreover it was awarded the Grand Prize of the Jury at Cannes Film Festival. RR can be also compared to the earlier works by Saura: La prima Angà ©lica/Cousin Angelica [Carlos Saura, 1974] and El jardà ­n de las delicias/Garden of Delights [Carlos Saura, 1970] which plots are also built on the family life with inevitable political subtext orienta ted on the intellectually engaged viewer. Word count: 2236 words Filmography Title: Crà ­a Cuervosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Raise Ravens) Director: Carlos Saura Screenwriter: Carlos Saura Cinematographer: Teodoro Escamilla Editor: Pablo Gonzà ¡lez del Amo Music: Federico Mompou Year of release: 1976 Production Company: Elà ­as Querejeta Producciones Cinematogrà ¡ficas S.L. DVD reference: E166377

Gals vs. Women :: Creative Writing Journalism Essays

Gals vs. Women This article is about gals. It's not an article about women. There are way too many books about women, and most of them are way too serious. Women itself is a serious word, not to mention womanhood and womanly. While being female is a serious activity, there is a lighter side which is rarely examined or written about. But women tend to attach too much significance to womanhood. This results in certain characteristically feminine, by which I mean over exaggerated self-important, behavioral patterns that can produce unfortunate results. These things include, but are not limited to, women being viewed as ruthless bitches who will step on anyone to get the best of a man. These things have given females a bad name. And the "Woman's Movement," which is supposed to give women more rights, seems to be densely populated with masculine looking para-military types. (These "females" require an entirely different category, but I will leave that discussion for a later time. For now I will write about those females which I believe fit into "normal parameters.") So I'm saying that there's another way to look at females: not as aggressive career hungry ego-maniacs; not as sensitive, Suzy Homemaker; but as gals. And what, exactly, do I mean by "gals"? I don't know. I haven't thought that much about it. Females whether women or gals do spend a lot of time pondering about our deepest feelings, but women think a lot about what it means to be a woman, and gals just are. But although I can't define exactly what it means to be a gal, I can describe certain gal characteristics, such as: Gals Do Not Have A Rigid And Well-Defined Code Of What It Takes To Be A Woman This is not the same as saying that gals do not consider themselves women, or do not think about being a woman, but gals do not get hung up thinking about it. Gals have never really grasped the Basic Code Of What It Takes To Be A Woman, such as matching their handbag, shoes, and belt, or only wearing white shoes between Memorial Day and Labor Day. Or is it Labor Day and Memorial Day? (A Woman, would know and have these dates marked and memorized.) Take my two dogs as examples, Blue, a neurotic dog who can only be categorized as a guy, and Katie, a gal dog.

Dancing Queen :: essays research papers

As I stand in my starting pose, after the judges have called the name of my dance group, and we have walked out to onto the stage. I can hear the people in the audience applauding and talking. I can hear my heart beating. I can also feel it. I feel like it's about to jump right out of my chest I am so nervous. I have been here once before but never for this age group and we have never been this group. We are the junior tap lines we are one of the best in Arkansas. As the music starts I forget everything and everybody around me .I can no longer see the people watching my every move I can no longer see the judges facial expressions or try to read there lips. All I can hear is the music I am dancing to, all I can see are the bright lights shinning down on me, the blur of people, and my feet moving, dancing like they've never danced before. Before I know it the dance is over and the music has stopped, and I can see, and hear the people clapping and screaming .I am no longer scared. I could do it again and again. I love it. It gives me a rush that I can only get from a huge roller coaster. As I walk off the stage I am greeted by a hug from my dance instructor and the rest of my dance group we are all so happy .At the end the awards are giving out we get second place we are all so happy we have made it to the top ten now for the high point spots we wait for our division it comes slowly but it comes. Impatiently we wait number ten is called soon number seven we hope they will call our names number two is called it still isn't us one spot is left to go and if we don't make this one we are not going to nationals it isn't called we are al disappointed. After we get back to magnolia we hear the taps of the judges talking and telling us their opinions we work on what needs to be worked on and improve in time for up coming events we are to perform at.

Sports Violence in Relation to Preserving Values in Society Essay

Bench clearing brawls in baseball, bloody hockey fights, soccer mobs, post-game sports riots, and increasing injuries are all images of today’s sports that are familiar to us. In recent years players and fans alike have shown increased aggression when it comes to sporting events. One of the most disturbing trends in sports is the increasing frequency and severity of violence. Injuries and deaths among participants are on the rise, as are injuries and deaths among fans and spectators. Violence in sports is an important issue because sports themselves are an important aspect in our lives and the society we live in. Their importance, however, should not be greater than our concern about preserving the values and aspects of our society. The problem of sports violence has become a worldwide phenomenon, that is an unacceptable, growing social problem. Sports violence can be defined as behavior by a player, coach, or fan that is intended to inflict pain or cause injury (Berger 8). Sports violence causes harm, breaks the rules of the game, and is unrelated to the competitive objectives of the sport. Leonard identifies two forms of aggression in sports: Instrumental aggression, which is non-emotional and task-oriented and reactive aggression, which has an underlying emotional component, with harm as its goal(165). Violence is the outcome of reactive aggression. There are three major theories of aggression in sports: The biological theory, psychological theory, and the social learning theory(Leonard 170-171). The biological theory sees aggression as a basic, innate human characteristic, in which sports is seen as a socially acceptable way to discharge built-up aggression(170). The psychological theo... ...ect for authority, but that we have lost respect for each other. Our society’s preoccupation with winning has caused sports stars to play with the intensity of emotion, which leads to violence. While most occurrences of violence come from players, others, including coaches, parents, fans, and the media, also contribute to the increasing violence in sports today. Fans seem to emulate the violence they watch in sports and spectator violence is increasing as participant injuries rise(Yeager 11). Mass media contributes to the acceptability of sports. It provides exposure to sports-related violence via television, magazines, newspapers, and radio, which provides many examples to children who may imitate such behavior. Also it often glamorizes players who are controversial and aggressive. Reading this, I couldn’t help but think of the honorable Mike Tyson.

1950’s Trade Policies of Pakistan

Period II:  The Golden Sixties, 1958 to 19695 Ayub Khan, the first military dictator of Pakistan, assumed complete control of the state in October 1958 and reigned over the golden period of Pakistan’s economic history. With the help of Harvard advisors, Khan vigorously implemented the Planning Commission on Economic Management and Reforms with impressive results. 6 GDP growth in this decade jumped to an average annual rate of 6 percent from 3 percent in the 1950s. The manufacturing sector expanded by 9 percent annually and various new industries were set up. Agriculture grew at a respectable rate of 4 percent with the introduction of Green Revolution technology. Governance improved with a major expansion in the government’s capacity for policy analysis, design and implementation, as well as the far-reaching process of institution building. 7 The Pakistani polity evolved from what political scientists called a â€Å"soft state† to a â€Å"developmental† one that had acquired the semblance of political legitimacy The Flat Fifties, 1947 to 1958 The main features of the 1950s was the establishment and expansion of thelarge scale manufacturing sector, which ranged from a high annual growthrate of 28. 7% in 1953/4 to a low 4. 9% in 1957/8. With industry growing athigh rates, there was reverse picture in the agriculture sector, which onlyonce in this period achieved double digit growth rates. Agriculture stagnated to the extent that its growth was not even enough to cope with the growth inpopulation, resulting in a fall in per capita consumption of food grain and theneed to import food as well. A stagnant agriculture in a predominantlyagricultural economy meant a slowly growing economy. The major impact of  economic policy in the 1950s was to transfer income away from agricultureand from urban consumers and to the new and rapidly growingmanufacturing sector 7. 2. 1 The Trade Regime: 1950-60 The major instrument of protection to import-substituting industries during the 1950-60 period was the system of import licensing. The value of import licenses issued and the distribution of these licenses across import categories were determined by the chief comptroller of imports and exports. Both the level and the product composition of import licenses changed from year to year, but in all years demand for imports exceeded the controlled supply, creating a gap between importers’ costs (c. i. f. prices plus duties and sales taxes) and market prices. The margin above importers’ costs represented a windfall profit for those fortunate enough to have the import licenses. Also, domestic manufacturing firms were able to sell their products at prices well above importers’ costs because of the scarcity markups created by restrictive licensing. Tariff protection was, in most product lines, a far less significant factor in overall protection than the licensing of imports. The structure of nominal and effective tariff protection, therefore, provides little indication of the production incentives created by the trade-control system during this period. A study by Lewis (1970, p. 69) suggests that the scarcity markup-the percentage increase of the wholesale price above the importer’s cost-was 67 percent. Lewis also found that, for his sample, nominal rates of protection across the three major subcategories of manufacturing- consumer, The Export Bonus Voucher Scheme During the 1950s it became clear that exporters were caught in a continually worsening cost-price squeeze. The maintenance of an overvalued exchange rate through restrictive import controls implied (1 ) a constant rupee return per dollar of goods exported; but (2) production costs that had a tendency to escalate when foreign exchange became scarce and the scarcity premium on imported raw materials rose. To offset this disadvantage, the export bonus voucher scheme was introduced in 1959. For every Rs 100 of foreign exchange earned, the exporter received a voucher for either Rs 20 or Rs 40, depending on the type of product, that effectively became a license to import goods up to the face value of the voucher. The bonus vouchers were licenses to import only goods from a list of importable items, but the list was quite broad and encompassed consumer, intermediate, and investment goods. Exporters had considerable freedom in deploying their vouchers. They could be used to import raw materials for processing into export or import-competing goods. They could be used for personal imports of luxury items, such as automobiles. Or they could be sold on the open market, commanding a price well in excess of their face value. This latter alternative was extremely popular, and bonus vouchers were traded on the Karachi stock exchange with the premium-that is, the price expressed as a percentage of its face value-quoted daily. Importers purchasing the vouchers could then import any item on the bonus list. If the premium was 150 percent and the c. i. f. value of the imported item was $1, or Rs 4. 6 at the official rate of exchange, and the duty 50 percent, the total cost to the importer was: Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 (Rs 4. 76) + 0. 5 (Rs. 4. 76) = Rs 14. 28. Since many items were purchased with bonus voucher premiums and customs duties of these same levels, it is clear that the marginal EER for exports exceeded the official exchange rate by a substantial amount. For the exporter, the bonus voucher scheme offered a differentiated and variable EER. Agricultural goods carried a bonus rate-the share of foreign exchange earned returned in the form of vouchers-of zero while manufactured goods carried rates . f 20 or 40 percent initially. The bonus rate structure, the number of rate categories, and the commodities assigned to the various categories were changed from time to time. Also, the premium fluctuated between 100 and 200 percent, though an attempt was made to stabilize the bonus premium at about 150 per cent. The EER for exports ranged, therefore, from Rs 4. 76 to Rs 7. 61 (Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 x 0. 4 x Rs 4. 76). INDUSTRIALIZATION: Ayub Khan's era is known for the industrialization in the country. The new regime of Ayub Khandisbanded many of the controls that had been imposed following the post-korean war recessionin 1952. He created an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establishmedium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new jobopportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. In 1959 there was afundamental reordering and change in the method of directing industrialization through trade  policy and a series of liberal policies were introduced which remained in effect till 1965. Themain emphasis of the new rade policy in 1959 shifted away from direst controls and towardsindirest controls on imports, and on domestic prices of other goods. It was the export bonus scheme launched in 1959 that was considered to be the key to the importliberalization process in Pakistan. The scheme allowed a free market in the bonus vouchers for  certain commodities. The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incenti ves stimulatednew industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreignexchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax concessions were offeredfor investment in less-developed areas. These measures had important consequences in bringingindustry to Punjab and gave rise to a new class of small industrialists. In addition the earlier closed and selective import licensing scheme of the 1950s, which was  based on the importers ability to importduring the Korean boom of 1950-2, was replaced in 1961 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PAKISTANECONOMICPOLICY by the open General license(OGL), which allowed newcomers to enter the trading sector. Thenew traders made substantial profits and gains from processing import licenses. The most marketfriendly change was the introduction of the Free List†, which permitted the import of certaingoods without any license. The free List was extended over time from 4 items to 50 in 1964. Thetariff structure continued to be used as a signaling device, as it had been in the 1950s. the biasagainst producing machinery and equipment locally continued, as the import duty on these itemswas still the lowest, thus making it easier to import these goods rather than produce them athome. The main reason why the government could be so generous in its import policy in the firsthalf of 1960s was critically linked to the availability of foreign aid, which increased from 2. 5  percent of GNP in mid 1950s to 7 percent of GNP in mid 1960s. In 1965 the Free List suffered serious setbacks as foreign aid was curtailed, and due to theresulting foreign exchange squeeze, the import liberalization policies were abandoned and manynew import controls were introduced. The governments import licensing scheme was to suppose to encourage the private sector toinvest, just as the EBS was a means for exporters to acquire additional foreign exchange byexporting more. The exchange rate had been over valued in the 1950s, but the EBS compensatedfor that and boosted exports, especially of manufactured goods. The scheme transferred asubsidy to exports, and the export of raw jute fell from 60 percent of total exports in 1958 to 20%in 1968, while exports of cotton and jute textiles increased from 8. 3% to 35% in this period, andexports of other manufacturers increased tenfold from 2 to 20 %. The EBS also had a positiveimpact on imports making raw materials and machinery easier and cheaper. This resulted in low  prices for agricultural inputs, while EBS transferred subsidies to manufactured exports. Due toEBS and import licensing and liberalization strategy large-scale manufacturing increased from8% per annum between 1955 and 1960 to 17% between 1960 an 1965 in the second five year  Ã‚  plan the controls reimposed following the foreign exchange and aid curtailment caused thisgrowth to fall to about 10% in the second half of the 1960s. None of the growth in industry during the period of second five year plan was due to the importsubstitution, instead domestic demand and absorption rate were the dominant factors. As foreignaid had increased so had imports and even though manufacturing output grew to impressive ratesdue to the import policies and foreign resources, imports increased at a faster pace. Growth ininvestment goods was by far the fastest of all sectors during the early 1960s.. he reasonaccording to Asian bank was that since this sector was most dependent on imported rawmaterials, it benefitted most from import liberalization. Another reason why import substitutionslowed down was the EBS, which encouraged the export of manufactured goods. Pakistan’s growth rate of 5. 065 was far higher than many comparable countries, indicating bothtechnological dynamism and dynamic allocative efficiency in a comparative perspective

Corruption in Procurement

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM job SCHOOL AN ASSESSMENT OF CORRUPTION IN THE PROCUREMENT PROFESSION IN regimen CASE IN TANZANIA. BY BERNARD, HELLEN REG. nary(prenominal) 2009-06-00929 interrogation PROPOSAL SUBMITTED FOR APPROVAL TO comport OUT RESEARCH FOR THE DEGREE OF put up the hang OR BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. T adapted of circumscribe 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 background3 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM4 2. o investigate aim6 2. 1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES6 3. 0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS6 3. 1 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS. 7 4. 0 literary works REVIEW 4. 1 abstr influence LITERATURE8 4. THEORETICAL manakin. 10 4. 3 EMPIRICAL LITERATURE.. 12 5. 0 METHODOLOGY. 14 REFERENCES. 17 1. 0. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 punctuate The Tanzania giving medication has long realized the grandeur of reality procurance to the economic cultivation of Tanzania and hence to the fulfillment of key objectives deep down the national Poverty Reduction Strategy. To this effect, Tanzania was atomic number 53 of the firs t countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to decree a truth modelight-emitting diode on the UNCITRAL model law.Since 1996, when the first landed e raise procurance assessment report (CPAR) was carried bug egress, the organisation has been roamning(a) c overlookly with the cosmea Bank and early(a) development wear outners to enhance the economy and strength of its procural system and to render it to a greater extent transp arnt and accountable. The Government has long adjudge that there is rampant turpitude in Tanzania and has been fighting hard to reduce it. It is estimated that at the national level rough 20 percent of the policy- do science expenditure on procural is mixed-up by means of rotting, in the main by means of and through kick-backs and bogus investments that rescue to be written off.Considering that popular procurement accounts for about 70 percent of the st allion organisation expenditure budget, this trans afterward-hourss to a overtaking of TS hs ccc billion (USD 300 million) per year, enough to pay the combined annual recurrent budgets of the ministries of health and education. Clearly such(prenominal)(prenominal) a loss is economic alone told(prenominal)y unsustainable. Major losses authorise in construction and supply contracts, which argon the study avenues for bungleion, particularly at the local organization level. The direct for enhancing the transpargonncy of the procurement system goat non therefore be overemphasized.The Government of Tanzania is well(p)y aw ar that its familiar procurement is still weak and call for to be strengthened substantially to enable it to verify that the procurement laws and institutions m another(prenominal) effective in additionls in the efficient and transp arnt concern of familiar funds. strategic management in the humanity welkin begins by looking up toward governing -the current expectations and aspirations of citizens and their representatives and the older semi semipolitical agreements officially enshrined in the economy that defines public managers mandates for action. putridness had been inculcated in the political stopping point of just about underdeveloped countries while, it still elicits the disapproval and opposition of the public, it has n unrivaledtheless been accepted as a fact in the political life. One of the primary argonas of putrescence is in the procurement cognitive subroutine. Grounded on the idea that, the scraping and butter of politicians exists in this perspective, the procurement butt has been the locus and target of some politicians aiming to get a slice of the cake. In leash world countries, this part of the cake proves to be the life of wad.The foreign aid habituated by international organizations like the population Bank and the International M nonpareiltary breed and the establishment r regular(a)ue from taxes is easily lost at one magazine the budget is distributed to departments and t he purchase of equipments and materials has begun. . sooner on we head teachered the assumption or erudition that putrefaction, especially petty demoralizeion is a function of low pay. In our polish of theories of motivation we noted that there is consensus among theorists on motivation on pay organism a necessary, but not fit condition for an employee to perform at a minimal level in an organization.Where an employee has a perception that the level of compensation habituated by the employer finishnot and depart not go through basic living/existence requisites, and the employee is not in a position to locomote from the organization, he/she get out adopt unnatural work way, which exit include a number of income maintenance strategies, including depravation to hide the income shortfall. 1. 2 solid groundment of the problem The procurement process has been the locus of governing body depravation- unless this discount be enshrouded the citizens of Tanzania entru sting stay on to suffer.It is necessary that strategies and measures be introduced in the government procurement profession to reduce the rotion in this process and in effect, despoilion in the government. procural rottenness is profoundly rooted in the political cultivation and traces its roots on the nature of governments. As long as the nature of government and political relation remains to be relatively immature, dappleion in the procurement process get out remain. Thus, the need for strategies to hamper this circumstance arises.A focus on report reports, editorials and letters from readers in each of the last(a) ten years would make one conclude that this country has been eaten away by the degeneracy scourge. Contrast the foregoing daub with what obtained between 1961, as we became independent and the slow 1970s. The decade following Tanzanias independency (1960-1970) did not manifest intense rot. Where it took postal serve it tended to be restricted to low-l evel officials who demanded and get negligible sums of funds.As the country spread out the public sector and public giving medication institutions progressively decayed, entailing the rise of bureaucratic malfunctioning, opportunities for rent-seeking way and asking and offering vitiates started creeping in. In the same period, the greet of living roseate dramatically while public attend pay remained static or declined. man officials became driven by a refinement of survival and they progressively adopted pervert behavior patterns dealed earlier in the paper, including the drop of corruption as an income maintenance strategy.To address and control the trend of increased corruption, the Nyerere Government enacted the lead code as part of the Arusha Declaration which had been adopted in 1967 and consecrated Tanzania to the pursuit of Ujamaa and Self Reliance as its ideology. While moral suasion through a socialist code of acquire was making its contribution to the figh t a net profitst corrupt tendencies, the country came to experience a study economic crisis following the oil crisis and the after effectuate of the war with Idd Amin in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with double shape inflation, major(ip) fiscal deficits and negative economic growth.That situation saw the present lose its ability to pay public servants a living wage. Official salaries, even at managerial and executive levels, fell infra subsistence needs, creating incentives to look for side incomes. As the state controlled economy declined, an informal one arose to absent its place. Smuggling became rampant. In the end, the harsh realities of scar urban center and poverty overwhelmed the dedication to socialist comparability and corruption became embedded in Tanzania society. 2. 0 RESEARCH AIM This study aims to direct measures and strategies that could resolve the issue of government corruption in the procurement process. . 1 re pursuit objectives This research paper ai ms to 1. Identify the antithetical procurement corruptions in governments of triad World countries 2. Determine the stages of the procurement process and comprehend where corruption happens 3. Evaluate the nature of Third World Government and politics and the corruption in procurement 4. Propose measures that can resolve the issue of corruption in the procurement profession 3. 0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study seeks to answer the following questions 1. What atomic number 18 the indicators of procurement corruption and how extensive is it mong governments (Developed, maturation and Third World) 2. What ar the different corrupt practices in the process of procurement? 3. Outlining the procurement process, what stage(s) does corruption happen? 4. In congeneric to the nature of Third World Governments, what is their semblance and to what degree that these two variables (corruption in procurements and government) find each other? 5. What be the measures and strategies that gover nments have employed to address this issue? 3. 1 Research hypothesis 1.The nature of government and politics in a country is significantly appertaind to its corruption practices 2. The more than(prenominal) accountable the government, the lesser the tendency of corruption in the procurement process 3. Further, procurement corruption is directly related to the miss of transp atomic number 18ncy in government purchases. 4. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4. 1 conceptual literature CORRUPTION putrescence is a very widespread phenomenon with most governments having a least just about. While corruption normally meets with disapproval, it may have some redeem features (Tullock, 1996).It may make possible littler or no salary payments to officials who, if c befully supervised, will still carry out their functions on a fee-for-service basis (Tullock, 1996). transparency International (TI) has chosen a ready and foc employ definition of the term depravity is ope demythologisedly defined as the misemploy of entrusted power for secluded gain. TI come along differentiates between according to rule corruption and against the rule corruption. Facilitation payments, where a bribe is gainful to receive preferential treatment for something that the bribe receiver is needful to do by law, constitute the former.The latter, on the other hand, is a bribe paid to obtain operate the bribe receiver is prohibited from providing. The cost of corruption The cost of corruption is four-fold political, economic, social, and environmental. On the political front, corruption constitutes a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law. In a democratic system, offices and institutions lose their genuineness when they are misused for secret advantage. though this is harmful in the established democracies, it is even more so in freshly emerging ones.Accountable political leadership cannot develop in a corrupt climate. Economically, corruption leads to the depletion of national wea lth. It is often trusty for the funneling of scarce public resources to uneconomic high-profile projects, such as dams, power plants, pipelines and refineries, at the write down of less spectacular but more necessary infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals and roads, or the supply of power and system of water to rural areas. Furthermore, it hinders the development of fair grocery structures and distorts competition, thereby deterring investment.The effect of corruption on the social fabric of society is the most damaging of all. It undermines peoples trust in the political system, in its institutions and its leadership. Frustration and general unfeelingness among a disillusioned public proceeds in a weak polite society. That in pass on clears the way for despots as well as democratically elected yet unscrupulous leaders to turn national assets into private wealth. Demanding and paying bribes become the norm. Those unwilling to comply often emigrate, exit the c ountry drained of its most able and most honest citizens.Environmental degradation is yet another consequence of corrupt systems. The lack of, or non-enforcement of, environmental regulations and legislation has historically allowed the North to export its polluting manufacture to the South. At the same time, careless exploitation of natural resources, from timber and minerals to elephants, by some(prenominal) domestic and international agents has led to pillaged natural environments. Environmentally devastating projects are given preference in funding, because they are easy targets for siphoning off public money into private pockets.PROCUREMENT procural is the full process involved in acquiring required goods, services or works. Procurement involves identifying the requirement of the purchasing control, building a list of minimum requirements, and then hit both affaireed parties who meet the minimum requirements, unremarkably offering the highest score base on the most e conomically plus bid, commonly known as opera hat value. Part of the Procurement process is besides to manage the contract once awarded, to ensure that the successful suppliers, or suppliers, are providing a quality service.Collaborative contracts are becoming more commonplace where triplefold public bodies will combine their requirements and run a single Procurement process to meet their merged requirements. Due to the higher(prenominal) volume of business promised by collaborative contracts, suppliers will usually offer large discounts. Collaborative contracts are usually led by one public body, acting on behalf of the others. In addition to this, some Procurement Centers of Expertise set up and manage contracts on behalf of public bodies, allowing all public bodies to use these collaborative contracts. few examples of these Centers of Expertise are OGC, Buying Solutions and Procurement Scotland. The stage of the Procurement cycle when suppliers are invited to submit bids i s known as the Tendering process. Usually, in addition to submitting their monetary bid, suppliers are required to respond to a questionnaire which the public body has put together with the intention of identifying and eliminating suppliers who are unable to meet their basic requirements, thereby preventing their tender from being successful disregardless of whether they have the most economically profitable bid. . 2 Theoretical framework The doctrinal study of political corruption encompasses matters of definition, typology, cause, and consequence, cogitate by a common suppositional framework. A substantial body of literature explores these issues, but m either problems exist. The countless definitions inadequately set out the fundamental prescriptive and behavioral dimensions of corruption and fail to be the phenomenon into a broader theoretical framework or to deal accurately with the question of private involutions.Typologies of corruption, though equally rife, also expe ct to lack clear theoretical relevance. breathing explanations of corruption can be attacked for project confusing and contradictory hypotheses, for being fragmentary, and for failing to differentiate various fibers of corrupt behavior those centering on the functions of corruption also seem incomplete. Some, for instance, underscore the positive effects of corruption in integrating judgement elite but fail to question whether corruption influences feelings of legitimacy toward government or inspires destabilizing protests and mobilizations.As a form of abnormal political behavior, corruption is political contract contrary to political norms. This definition underscores twain its normative and behavioral components. The normative aspect of corruption centers on the evaluative standards or rules that determine political propriety the criteria used to judge the legitimacy or bastardy (i. e. , the corruptness) of a political act the behavioral aspect corresponds to observable ac tions (Morris, 1991). The norm provides the standard by which all acts of government are to be interpreted and judged.Accordingly, any private usurpation of that pertaining to the public domain, which negates this principle, invites condemnation. An grave issue that warrants attention concerns the share of face-to-face gain or interest. Including personal gain or what is tantamount to private interest in a definition of corruption presents two major problems. First, it is generally held that all acts are a function of personal gain in formal theory, this is referred to as rationality. Consequently, all acts by government officials, whether corrupt or otherwise, are thought to be motivated by a rational promotion of private interest.In other linguistic process, a non corrupt act is promoted by personal interest just as is a corrupt act. Since personal interest is an assumption of human behavior and a constant, it need not be include in a definition Strategic management in the pu blic sector begins by looking up toward politics -the current expectations and aspirations of citizens and their representatives and the older political agreements formally enshrined in the legislation that defines public managers mandates for action. authorities, and the laws that politics produce, deserve this pride of place for three key reasons. First, it is this realm that managers must search to discover what drives are deemed publicly blue-chip and can, therefore, be practically and normatively sustained as the focus of their managerial efforts. It is in and through politics that they can discover and inspection and repair shapes their mandates for action.Second, political institutions grant public managers the resources they need to accomplish their operational purposesincluding money and authority over their own organizations and over those beyond their organizations who can contribute to the managers purposes. Third, it is to politics and law that public managers are bo th theoretically and practically accountable their performance is class-conscious and their reputations made within this realm.Procurement spying often entails large monetary sums and involves wide known or powerful people inside and outside government. Thus, this kind of corruption can be especially damaging to a country in foothold of distorted incentives, undermined public trust, and inequitable dispersal of national budgets. This is particularly prevalent in Third World countries where the political socialization of people seems to accept corruption as a part of the political culture.Among the hotshot qualitys of procurement corruption includes collusion in command (leading to higher costs/prices for the city, payments for which may or may not be shared with corrupt officials) kickbacks by firms to fix procurement competition and bribes to officials who regulate the fetching contractors behavior (which may permit approximate bids with subsequent cost overruns and unneces sary changes in contract specifications) (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). 4. 3 Empirical literature Corruption is about economics, gaining power, maintaining power and regrettably to some, survival (Green, 2000).Generally, its been my experience that corruption usually involves bribery, kickbacks, gratuities and gifts to government employees from individuals doing business or attempting to do business with the government. A large division of corruption taking place within governments and businesses worldwide rests within the procurement of goods and services. The move toward decentralisation, answerableness, and democratic forms of government at the local level is gathering momentum (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000).In this context, the enormous costs of corruption are being explicitly recognized, as is the pressing need to correct governmental malfeasance (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). Corruption is an entrenched symptom of misgovernance often reflected in p atronage, red tape, ineffective revenue-generating agencies, large racing shell bribery in procurement, and fai seduce to have services to city dwellers When the government needs a good or service, the city government has the two broad alternatives of making it or buying it that is, the city can provide the good or service itself, or rocure it from the private sector (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). Corruption is one of the dimensions of this choice. Because contracting is where the money is, most government officials are tempted by the lure of procurement services often at the expense of the public. Recent developments and current trends are highlighting the role of accountants in governance. maiden among these are the increasing concern with arise levels of corruption, the re virginal of interest in accountability and transparency as inoculations against corruption the unused government focus on results, benchmarking and value-for-money (the new public management) and t he corresponding propel in the private sector through business process reengineering, cognition management and intranets where history systems play a major role decentralization and participation by citizens and NGOs in public management are multiplying the needs for credible accounting learning the privatization of utilities in several(prenominal) countries is increasing the need for regulation, in which accountants have a major role in simplification info asymmetry the globalization of collective pay has enhanced the need for global standards of accounting and auditing the Asian crisis has highlighted the weaknesses in transparency, in fiscal sector regulation and in corporate governance generally in a number of countries (Bennett, 2000). There are several measures that could be done in evidence to reduce the incidence of corruption. First, reducing the desktop and role of personality politics.An increase in public policy debates and other activities of government, openi ng night the closed doors, and permitting greater public interrogation of official processes would clearly have such an impact. Generally, the more public government personal business become, the less corrupt they can be (Bennett,2000). Enhancing the autonomy of the states subsystems would also reduce the likelihood of corruption. This could be pursued, for instance, by creating an effective gracious service system or deservingness system or opening up grass-roots political involvement. Such reforms would cripple the centralization of recruitment and thereby temper the faithfulness patterns that currently prevail. modify the autonomy and role of Congress or democratizing corporate organizations would be steps in this direction (Bennett,2000). Strengthening social organizations would also impinge on corruption. This could be done by reducing the tutelary role of the state and decrease the dependency of social organizations on the state or by enhancing popular commentary into th e organizations themselves. Not only must businesses or unions articulate demands on the government, but such organizations must be structurally responsive to the demands of their constituents. Tying the component part of leaders of social organizations to criteria internal to the assort rather than those determined by the state would greatly inhibit current patterns of corruption (Bennett,2000). 5. 0 METHODOLOGYThis chapter will discuss the method of research to be used, the respondents of the study, the sampling technique, the instrument to be used, the validation of the instrument, the administration of the of the instrument and the statistical treatment of the selective info that will be gathered. Research methodology and Techniques for data collection This study will use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research will utilize interview, observation and questionnaires in the study. To illustrate the descriptive type of research, the police detective will be maneuver by Calmorin when he stated descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation as exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena.Proposed subject Population/ ingest The general population for this study will be composed of government officials and personnel in the procurement process, randomly selected private companies who have been involved in the bidding process and randomly selected citizens. I will use a combination of forgather and random sampling. First, I will clod the respondents from the government, the private sector and the public sector. To make the sampling easier for every specific thumping, I will seek the aid of any anti-corruption non-government organization to facilitate the names and addresses of the respondents or have them together in one place (i. e. in an organizational meeting) so that th e perspectives can be given in one session. I will break down one hundred (100) respondents per cluster for a total of three hundred (300) respondents. organisation of the Instrument For validation purposes, I will initially submit a sentiment questionnaire and after approval, the abide by will be given to five respondents from the government, private corporations and the public sector. After the survey questionnaire will be answered, I will ask the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary department of corrections to ensure further improvement and boldness of the instrument. I will again escort the content of the survey questionnaire to find out the reliability of the instrument.I will block off irrelevant questions and will change words that would be deemed difficult by the respondents, too much simpler terms. Administration of the Instrument The revise instrument will then be administered to the respondents of the study which will be chosen through a combination o f cluster and random sampling. I will cut the ten respondents who will be initially used for the validation of the instrument. I will also tally, score and tabulate all the relevant data in the survey questionnaire. Statistical Treatment of Data When the entire survey questionnaire will have been collected, the researcher will use statistics to analyze all the data.The statistical formulae to be used in the second and third part of the survey questionnaire will be the following 1. percent to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire. 2. Weighted mingy 3. I will use chi-square to relate the participation rate of the government employees, companies and the public sector. I will be help by the SPSS in coming up with the statistical analysis for this study. Resource, Confidentiality and other contemplation The survey respondents and interviewees identities will be held confidential. single I will have the knowledge on their identities and utmost secrecy will b e provided. Further, personalities who do not loss to be quoted in interviews will not be disclosed. REFERENCES. 1.Klitgaard, Robert, MacLean, Ronald and Parris, Lindsey, Corrupt Cities A concrete Guide to Cure and Prevention, Ics Press, 2000 2. Bennett, Anthony, The Role of invoice in Good Governance, In Carter, Williiam, Davies, Mark, El, Yassin and Ford, Kevin, Government ethical motive and Law Enforcement Toward global Guidelines, Praeger Publishers, 2000 3. Green, Vincent, An onrush to Investigating Corruption in Government, In Carter, Williiam, Davies, Mark, El, Yassin and Ford, Kevin, Government Ethics and Law Enforcement Toward Global Guidelines, Praeger Publishers, 2000 4. Morris, Stephen, A State-Society Approach to the Study of Corruption , Corruption & Politics in Contemporary Mexico, University of Alabama Press, 1991

Comparing Branagh and Olivier

The dickens movie versions of Shakespeares settlement that are directed by Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branagh have similarities and differences. The similarities embroil how juncture feels betrayed by his begin because of her sudden marriage later the death of his father. The differences include how critical point is portrayed as a character. Olivier uses the Hamlets family kind with Gertrude and his soliloquy to portray Hamlet as confused, whereas Branagh uses the aforesaid(prenominal) dynamics to portray Hamlet as furious.Olivier presents Hamlets relationship with Gertrude as more physical in parliamentary procedure to ndicate Hamlets confusion, while Branagh presents the relationship between Hamlet and his bring as slight physical to reinforce his feelings of frustration. During the barb where Claudius and Gertrude are encouraging Hamlet to block in Denmark, Gertrude freely touches Hamlet and kisses him on the mouth to soothe her grieving son (Olivier, 1948). Dur ing this scene, Hamlet is sitting at the edge of the table wearing all mordant and is turned away from everyone. He is upset that his fix has re matrimonial such a before long time after his fathers death.His tone of character kindles that e is full of grief, devastated close to the death of his father, and feeling betrayed by his arrive. Even though he feels betrayed, Hamlet passively allows his mother to treat and kiss him. Hamlet is confused, and has no sense of how to quid with his conflicting feelings. Branagh, however, presents the relationship between Hamlet and his mother without any physical contact between the two. During the equal scene in Branaghs version, the queen smiles and encourages Hamlet to stay instead of returning to Wittenberg (Branagh, 1996). In comparison to Oliviers Hamlet,Branaghs Hamlet has a tagable tone of voice. His tone of voice is on the edge of tears. When Gertrude consoles Hamlet and urges him to stay in Denmark, he agrees to stay, but does not engage in any physical contact with his mother. He clay distant from his mother, both emotionally and physically. Un identical Oliviers Hamlet, Branaghs Hamlet directs that he is more bitter than Oliviers Hamlet near Gertrudes quick marriage. Thus, the directors depictions of Hamlets interaction with Gertrude in the two look ats burst differing interpretations of Hamlets response to feeling betrayed.The two film versions all overly use Hamlets first soliloquy to depict their distinguishable interpretations of Hamlets character. Oliviers Hamlet delivers his soliloquy in his thoughts to indicate his confusion, whereas Branaghs Hamlet delivers his soliloquy in speak words to show his frustration after he learns that his mother has married Claudius. In the Olivier version of the play, Hamlets first soliloquy is spoken in his head (Olivier, 1948). In this lecturing, he emphasizes that tho a little amount of time has passed after his fathers death and that Gertrude has remarried too quickly.He also emphasizes his confusion close to Gertrudes marriage to Claudius, when Gertrude used to follow his father like Niobe. In Oliviers version of the soliloquy, Hamlet is grieving over his fathers death, but he is more upset round his mothers quick marriage to Claudius, his tamers brother. During his soliloquy, Hamlet says trail thy holler is woman (Olivier, 1948) calling his mother weak-hearted for remarrying too quickly. In contrast to Oliviers Hamlet, Branaghs Hamlet speaks and yells to emphasize points in his soliloquy.He speaks of the same issues, but the tone of voice s different. He sounds exhausted, annoyed, and speaks as if he is about to start crying. However, when he mentions the point that frustrates him the most, his voice becomes significantly punker when he yells tho within a month (Branagh, 1996), emphasizing the short amount of time between the death and marriage, he reveals his bitterness. He feels betrayed and angry at the way Gertr ude has move on so quickly, rather than confused and sad, as he does in Oliviers film.Thus, although both Oliviers and Branaghs versions of Hamlet direction the same conflict about his other, Hamlet is characterized differently in each film. In both film versions of Hamlet, the protagonist faces the same conflict, but Olivier and Branagh take different approaches to portraying Hamlet. In Oliviers version, Hamlets relationship with Gertrude is portrayed in a physical manner to stress Hamlets passiveness and feeling of confusion, whereas in Branaghs depiction, Hamlets relationship with Gertrude reveals a less physical and more distant relationship in order to indicate his anger and frustration.Their soliloquies also distinguish the directors two different ersions of Hamlet Oliviers Hamlet delivers his speech in his thoughts, adopting a passive style to suggest Hamlets confusion, while Branaghs Hamlet delivers his speech out loud to indicate his anger and frustration. These two dif ferent depictions of the important character reveal how critical the directors input is in creating a distinct interpretation of Shakespeares plays.